Occupation and war in Palestine are not the same as sanctions on Cuba. The useful comparison is narrower: how stronger states use military, financial and trade power to constrain weaker societies.

U.S.–China rivalry now runs through chips, aircraft, rare earths, AI and industrial policy. China’s productive power means pressure increasingly produces negotiation and retaliation rather than simple compliance.

Xi Jinping Thought presents reform and modernization as the adaptation of Marxism to Chinese conditions, with Communist Party leadership positioned above the autonomy of capital.

Ten famous Marx passages, restored to the arguments around them: class struggle, exploitation, ideology, workers’ self-emancipation and the relationship between theory and practice.

North Korea’s security system grew out of an unresolved war and intense military pressure, while UN investigations have also documented severe internal repression. Both realities matter.

BRICS matters less as an ideological bloc than as a bargaining system: development finance, payment networks, trade coordination and pressure for more representation in global institutions.

World-systems theory helps explain China’s transformation from a lower-cost manufacturing base into a state capable of competing over technology, infrastructure and high-value production.

Sanders has become one of the Senate’s strongest critics of U.S. arms transfers to Israel, while still operating inside—and largely reforming rather than rejecting—the broader U.S. security system.

By mid-2026, renewable power made up more than 60% of China’s installed capacity and supplied over 40% of generation. The transition’s central contradiction is now clean-energy growth versus continued coal dependence.